Mechanical processing of metal: what it is, types, how it happens

The task of machining metal is to create a product by changing the size, shape and surface of the base. The part is adjusted to the desired parameters according to the drawing. There are two main types of metal machining: fully mechanical and electromechanical. 

Types of mechanical processing of metal

Metal cutting is the main way of making products from metal by mechanical means. A workpiece is cut from the base, the parameters of which are entered in the machine program.

When further processing the metal, different techniques are used, depending on what shape the part or its element needs to be given. Drilling creates holes and grooves. Grinding techniques give the surface smoothness or roughness.

Methods of mechanical processing of metal

When machining metal, the following methods are used:

• Pressing - from the base under high pressure, the press rod pushes the part through a forming matrix.
• Forging - the shape of the metal is changed by mechanical action at high temperature. The metal is worked by hand with a percussion tool, using machines or volume dies, depending on the type of product to be obtained and the properties of the metal.
• Rolling - A machine passes the base between two rollers that rotate in opposite directions to make a thinner sheet. The rolling method is used to make seamless pipes. A hole is drilled in the billet, it is heated, and the rollers of the machine expand the cavity to a given diameter.
• Turning - a perfectly shaped cylinder is formed on the machine, and notches are applied.
• Milling - the machine tool creates grooves and slots in the workpiece with the help of a milling cutter.
• Punching - flat metal surfaces are machined with a machine tool.
• Grinding - the surface of the part is given the desired roughness with a grinding machine.
• Polishing - the final stage of work with the metal product to make it shiny and smooth. The part is polished with abrasive equipment or immersed in baths with a polishing solution.

When working with metal, shavings are formed, which are sent for recycling. The basis for the product and the processing method are chosen so as to produce as little waste as possible.

Electromechanical processing of metal

Under the influence of electricity, the metal is destroyed. A high-voltage spark is sent to the area where the hole is to be made. The resulting charge comes into contact with the metal. The high temperature causes the metal to melt and vaporize. This is how the hole is created.

Welding is an electromechanical processing of metal that joins parts or parts almost monolithically. The electric arc forms a bath in which both metals melt. A weld is formed that hardens as it cools.

Which type of metal processing is appropriate depends on the objectives and properties of the metal - its density, brittleness, maximum heat and chemical activity. You can get the product of desired shape and size, different roughness. Several machining methods are used to produce large or small parts.